The last century was the 100 years of rapid development of science, technology and culture. Various new things have emerged constantly, especially the emergence of new materials, especially the emergence and application of nanomaterials, which are about to change the world. In the 1990s, all countries in the world set off a climax to the development of new nanomaterials. Because of the uniqueness, miraculousness, and breadth of nanotechnology, many outstanding scientists from all over the world have worked hard for it. Some scientists even believe that the epoch-making "nanotechnology" is comparable to the "industrial revolution" of the 18th century, and will lead to a new "industrial revolution."

Nanometers are units of length, and 1 nanometer is 10-9 meters. For macroscopic materials, nanometers are a very small unit. Because the grain size is much finer than that of conventional materials, the number of atoms on the grain boundary is much larger. The number of atoms inside the crystal grains gives the nanomaterials many special properties. Compared with conventional materials, in addition to excellent mechanical properties, nanomaterials also exhibit better physicochemical properties, including optoelectronic, electromagnetic and thermal properties.

It is generally believed that nanomaterials should include two basic conditions: one is that the feature size of the material is between 1 and 100 nm, and the other is that the material at this time has some special physicochemical characteristics that distinguish the conventional size materials. From the research status so far, there are three concepts about nanotechnology.

The first is the molecular nanometer concept proposed by American scientists in 1986. According to this concept, a machine for combining molecules can be put to practical use, so that all kinds of molecules can be arbitrarily combined and any kind of molecular structure can be manufactured.

The second concept positions nanotechnology as the limit of microfabrication technology. That is, the technology of artificially forming nano-sized structures through nano-precision "processing". This nano-scale processing technology also makes semiconductor miniaturization reach its limit. Even if the existing technology continues to develop, it will theoretically reach the limit. This is because if the line width of the circuit is made small, the insulating film constituting the circuit will be extremely thin, which will destroy the insulating effect. In addition, there are issues such as fever and shaking. To solve these problems, researchers are researching new nanotechnology.

The third concept is made from the perspective of biology. Originally, organisms have nanoscale structures within cells and biofilms.

Nano-packaging technology can be divided into four categories. Crystals with dimensions at least in one direction in the order of a few nanometers are called three-dimensional (3) nanomaterials; those with a layered structure are called two-dimensional (2) nanomaterials; those with a fibrous structure are called one-dimensional (1) nanomaterials. Those with atomic group and atomic beam structure are called zero-dimensional (0) nanomaterials. After more than ten years of development, nanomaterials have grown in size. Nowadays, there are many types of nanomaterials, which can be divided into metal materials, nano-ceramic materials, nano-semiconductor materials, nano-polymeric materials, nano-composites, etc. according to their materials. They are more or less applied in the packaging field.

With the increase in the demand for special functions of packaging in the 21st century, such as explosion-proof packaging, anti-electromagnetic packaging, camouflage packaging, high-resistance packaging, shadow packaging, and anti-radar packaging have emerged, and the development of nano packaging technology has been promoted. The nano-composite packaging material made of nano-materials has become a kind of high-tech material we need. It not only greatly improves the performance of raw materials and gives it new functions, but also broadens the application scope and bright prospects of raw materials. It also saved Greece's lack of resources.

At present nanomaterials have not only been put into production, but also have a large-scale application.

1 Nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and magnetism

The macroscopic tunneling effect of nanoparticles establishes the limit of miniaturization of microelectronic devices. Within a decade will reach the limit. The thinking of solving nano electronic circuit can be divided into two kinds at present, one kind is to use the quantum entanglement state in the photon to make the integrated circuit in the double photon beam technology, it is possible to limit the limit of the device to 25nm. The other is the development of new materials to replace silicon, using protein diodes, carbon nanotubes as the lead and molecular wires. The formation of new concept devices, single atom manipulation is an important way.

2 Nanomedicine and Biology

From proteins, DNA, RNA to viruses, all are in the scale of 1-100nm, so nanostructures are also the basic things in life phenomena. Organelles and other structural units in cells are "nanomachines" that perform certain functions. Cells are like nanometer workshops. Photosynthesis in plants is a typical example of a "nanofactory." Nanoparticles are often smaller than cells and red blood cells in organisms, which provides new opportunities for medical research.

Biochips under development include cell chips, protein chips (biomolecule chips), and gene chips (ie, DNA chips), which have the advantages of integration, parallel, and rapid detection, and have become cutting-edge technologies in nanobioengineering. Will be directly applied to clinical diagnosis, drug development and human genetic diagnosis. After being implanted in the human body, people can enjoy medical care anytime and anywhere, and they can find disease precursors in dynamic detection, making early diagnosis and prevention possible.

Nano wards do not harm normal tissues or remove thrombus, fat deposits from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and even use them to engulf viruses to kill cancer cells. The other category is nanomaterials developed using the activity of biomolecules. They can be used in other organisms, but they can be used in other nanotechnology or biomaterials. They can also be divided into two categories. One is nano that is suitable for organisms. Materials, such as various types of nanosensors, are used for early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases. Various types of nanomechanical systems can quickly identify the location of the ward and inject drugs into the microfabrication.

(to be continued)