In the early 1980s, there was a rumor about the Rubik's Cube. A graduate student of the famous mathematician John Conway accidentally rolled his beard into the Rubik's Cube. As a result, the whole person was slowly smashed into the Rubik's Cube. If he can restore the Rubik's Cube to the state before he was trapped, he can come back. So Conway asked all of Cambridge's computers to start computing, hoping to find a matching state in order to see the missing graduate students on the screen. In the end, it is still impossible to figure out that the poor man was trapped in the Rubik's Cube forever.
This story is undoubtedly fictional, but it presents two distinct characteristics of the Rubik's Cube: a variety of changes, extraordinary magic. At that time, a Rubik's slogan from Germany said: "Don't touch it, it won't let you go." This warning slogan is very predictive: anyone who comes into contact with the Rubik's Cube will be obsessed with it in a very short time. . Indeed, the Rubik's Cube has been the most attractive toy in history since its invention only 30 years ago. Since the invention of Rubik's Cube, at least 350 million genuine Rubik's cubes have been sold, and there are countless imitations circulating in every corner. If you put these cubes one by one, you can go from the South Pole to the North Pole.
Mathematician's toy
The magic originated in the spring of 1974. In the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest, Hungary, Lecturer Erno Rubik is giving 3D design classes to interior design. In this class, students need to understand that a large cube can be divided into eight small cubes and the relationship between them. It is a routine teaching method for students to make models with hard paper: the six faces of the big cube are painted in different colors to observe the relationship between the eight small cubes and the large cube. The students drummed the cubes in their hands and turned them around to make the big cubes change, which led to Rubik's whim: what an interesting toy.
After six weeks, Rubik designed the basic structure of the toy. The large cube consists of 26 small cubes, all of which are no longer scattered and independent. Rubik cleverly joins them with springs and screws, while still ensuring that they are rotatable - each The rows of cubes can all be rotated together, and ultimately each cube can be rotated in some way.
Rubik's invention of this Rubik's Cube is now the most common third-order cube (3 × 3 × 3). The prototype of the first cube is the chamfer cube made of wood. The Rubik's Cube, which was completed later, is very close to the common Rubik's cube. It consists of 26 small cubes, the material is hard plastic, and the six faces have different colors.
Next, how to get all the small cubes back to the original position, that is, to restore the color of each face of the big cube, became the only task of Rubik. One month later, Rubik found the method of restoration based on the operation of the brain (the emergence of the Rubik's Cube formula is a later matter). Rubik called the new toy "Magic Cube." Three years later, on December 31, 1977, the Magic Cube received a Hungarian patent. At the time, this difficult toy was not optimistic. At first its popularity began in the mathematics world. In 1978, at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Helsinki, a cube toy received the attention of mathematicians. The world's top group theory expert John Conton (John Horton Conway, the rumored postgraduate tutor mentioned above) and several well-known mathematicians with a doorway have brought some Rubik's cubes. This fully embodies the magical toy of “space conversion†and instantly captures the curiosity of mathematicians. Conway was able to restore the magic square in 4 minutes. The curiosity and enthusiasm of the mathematicians were motivated, and dozens of magic squares were quickly robbed. People who did not get it were asked where they could go. Even the mathematics magazine has published an article about the mathematical concepts related to the Rubik's Cube. The mathematician's Rubik's Cube fanaticism quickly made the mysterious veil of the magic cube gradually unveiled, and the Rubik's cube formula was also begun to be created.
The mathematician David Singmaster created a set of symbols that describe the face, block and rotation of the Rubik's cube. This method becomes an international symbol, providing a standard and convenient way for players to exchange solutions. The basis of the description to avoid poor communication due to different color combinations. In February 1979, he first published the "Magic Blocks" Handbook, which included a complete set of symbols related to the Rubik's Cube and provided a way to understand the Rubik's Cube.
The resonance of mathematicians has laid the necessary foundation for the popularity of the Rubik's Cube. At least people found that the Rubik's Cube is still solvable. It is only such an esoteric toy that can be accepted by ordinary people who are "ignorant" is the doubts of toy manufacturers at that time: Who would be willing to buy a expensive, ugly and hard-to-play toy to gain frustration?
Later facts proved that the cost can be reduced, the materials can be replaced, the appearance can be improved, and the frustration caused by the difficulty is far less than the sense of accomplishment brought about by the Rubik's Cube. Ideal Toy Corporation decided to sell Rubik's Cube at the end of 1979. Since then, the Rubik's Cube fanaticism has swept the world.
World fanaticism
Because I found anyone who has just come into contact with the Rubik's Cube, I will fully devote myself to sleepless nights. People worry that the Magic Cube will apply some kind of magic to people - Magic (magic, magic) will lead to bad associations about evil spirits. In order to avoid the influence of such rumors, before the promotion of the Rubik's Cube, people decided to re-name the Rubik's Cube.
For a time, people thought about using the Gordian Knot to name it to reflect the difficulty of the Rubik's Cube. Legend has it that in an ancient country in the middle and small parts of Asia Minor, Phrygia, a knuckle and a yoke of a ox cart of the king Gordius hit a knot and placed the cart in the Temple of Zeus. He claimed that whoever can unlock this knot can become the king of Asia. For centuries, there has been no solution. In the end, it was cut by the sword of Alexander the Great. The end of Gordy's knot is not perfect - it is not solved, but it is destroyed by violence. Therefore, the name was not adopted.
At the time of its launch, Rubik's cube was named Rubik's Cube, simple, straightforward, rhyming, and catchy. Previously, no toys were named after the inventor. In 1981, the "Rubics Square" was included in the Encyclopedia Britannica. In 1982, the word entered the Oxford English Dictionary and was recognized as the official name.
In May 1980, Rubik's Cube began to be sold globally at retail prices of £6-7. No one can think of this expensive little toy. In just a few weeks just listed, it has swept the world, and in the fall, it sold more than 20 million. In 1981, the Rubik's Cube "famine" appeared, and Rubik's Cube was sold for £15 in the second-hand market. Although the pirate Rubik's Cube began to emerge in large numbers at the time, the Rubik's Cube is still in short supply. Everyone wants to have their own Rubik's Cube. By the end of 1981, a total of 100 million genuine Rubik's cubes had been sold. According to legend, Rubik became the richest man in Hungary.
At that time, no matter what profession, people of any age immediately became obsessed with the Rubik's Cube, and various events emerged endlessly. At the beginning, the story is mainly based on harmless obsession, such as boring at home to play Rubik's Cube, forgetting to go to class, working hours; in public places such as restaurants, trains, walking around with the Rubik's Cube, forgetting their original destination; football field The absent player was found playing the Rubik's Cube in the locker room; someone sneaked into the enemy's home in the middle of the night, tearing off the opponent's Rubik's Cube sticker and messing it up, so that he had zero chance to restore the Rubik's Cube.
The relevant journals and books on the Rubik's Cube solution are also hot at this time. In 1979, only the journals such as "Mathematics Bulletin" and "Scientific American" introduced the Rubik's Cube from a scientific point of view. At that time, there were only a dozen books on the Rubik's Cube. In the early 1980s, the Rubik's Cube professional publications such as Rubik's Cube Research and The Devil's Addicts were published, and the number of books on the theme of Rubik's Cube also increased in geometric progression. In 1980 and 1981 alone, more than 200 copies were available, and once Rubik's Cube books were launched, they immediately reached the top of the sales charts. Among them, the 13-year-old British boy Patrick Bosset wrote the best-selling book "You Can Do The Cube" based on his experience in playing Rubik's Cube. Known as the fastest book ever sold, the book sold at least 1.5 million copies and occupied the top spot in several regional bestsellers. Under the influence and encouragement of such books, people have the confidence to restore the Rubik's Cube: the little boys in the neighbors can, why can't I?
Gradually, the accidents of the Rubik's addicts began to escalate: high school students often collide because they play Rubik's Cube on the road; husbands are obsessed with Rubik's Cube, and the wife is cold, causing family disharmony or even breakdown; people turn the Rubik's Cube for a long time, causing the thumb tendons and wrists Injury caused the "Greek Finger" and "Rubic wrist" illnesses, and even severe surgery is required.
The beauty of the Rubik's Cube: from the mathematician's toy to the rise of Rubik's
The popular way of the Rubik's Cube, like the plague, and the mental breakdown of the weak-willed players, make the Rubik's Cube look like a malignant infectious disease. Some places began to regard the Rubik's Cube as a drug, and some schools banned students from playing Rubik's Cube. People began to fear the influence of the Rubik's Cube on life.
At the end of 1982, two years after the "Magic Cube Plague" ruled the world, the "resistance of the Rubik's Cube" sentiment grew and spread, and its speed was no less than the popularity of the Rubik's Cube. Angry wives, angry bosses, resentful colleagues, and losers who discovered that they could never solve the Rubik's Cube finally unified the front line and regarded the Rubik's Cube as dangerous. People call the act of freeing them from the Rubik's Cube.
The market began to sell stickers of different colors. People who did not restore the Rubik's Cube posted a uniform color sticker on the Rubik's Cube, pretending that the Rubik's Cube was restored. The despair and anger of the losers also led to the emergence of a monochrome cube – six faces of the same color. What's more, people also invented a cube of Cube Smasher, which can be used to break the cube.
The books that mocked the Rubik's Cube began to replace the publications of the Rubik's Cube and quickly occupied the market. The Rubik's Cube Club has also closed down, leaving only one left. By the end of 1983, the madness of the whole world to the Rubik's Cube was basically over. Although the Rubik's Cube was once again popular, it never returned to the obsessive state of the Rubik's Cube in the first two years of the Rubik's Cube. The Rubik's Cube is no longer a social danger, but is positioned as a timeless classic toy.
Magic and not square
Such a toy that brings the beauty of mathematics into real life will never lose its charm because of boring. Aside from any formula, few people can solve the Rubik's cube on their own. Most people will drum up for a while after catching the Rubik's Cube, and then start to resort to the Rubik's Cube formula. After the formula was solved, people’s enthusiasm for the Rubik's Cube was just beginning. Driven by curiosity, they will spend more time on understanding the Rubik's Cube: what kind of thing it is, why there are so many changes.
The meaning of the Rubik's Cube is straightforward: it is small, but it is tricky; if you don't know the method, you will never be able to solve it. The beauty of the Rubik's Cube lies not in its side, but in how it works and its impact on humans. Soon, the Rubik's Cube began to appear in the media. The first one to be put together with the Rubik's Cube was the then West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, who looked sullenly holding the Rubik's Cube with the words "Unemployed Berlin".
To date, hundreds of books, magazines, movies, and TV shows have been themed around the Rubik's Cube, and millions of web pages and videos are related to the Rubik's Cube. From fashion, architecture, music, film and television, art to political speech, they are influenced by the Rubik's Cube, and even a period of art is called Rubikubism. The Rubik's Cube itself is not only a 3×3×3 cube.
After the introduction of Rubik's Rubik's Cube, more variants of the Rubik's Cube and modified versions began to be launched. Rubik's cube lovers all over the world are using their imagination and creativity to invent more grotesque cubes: For the Rubik's Cube fans, waiting for the invention and manufacturing process of the new Rubik's Cube is really a torment, some people Start making your own original Rubik's Cube by yourself. Thousands of different types of materials, different shapes, and different structures have emerged in the 1980s. A large part of them are not squares - spheres, stars, ridges, chamfers, regular tetrahedrons, and octagons. Shape, oblique dodecahedron, regular dodecahedron (five demon), tetradecahedron, hollow... they cannot be called "squares", only "magic". In addition, there are also the Rubik's Cube, the Cheese Cube, the Mirror Rubik's Cube, the Super X... Many of the initial states are extremely unusual, and even more unbelievable after the disruption. Even the producer himself has to think for a long time, "Where should I start?"
The puzzle cube has always been super attractive. For the average player, their focus is on "playing" rather than "calculating" and interacting with each other by participating in the competition. As early as 1981, there were spontaneous Rubik's Cube competitions in various places. In the fall of that year, Rubik's Cube fans set up 8 Rubik's Cube clubs to communicate. Ideal decided to organize the World Championships, and in May 1982, the first World Rubik's Cube Championship was held in Budapest.
Players from 19 countries participated in the competition, using the standard color scheme, the Rubik's Cube designed by the mathematicians, the winner was the Americans, and the second-order Rubik's Cube was used for 22.95 seconds. It was not until 20 years later that the second World Rubik's Cube Championship was held in Toronto in 2003. At the current official competition, the youngest record holder is 4 years old, 6 months and 10 days Chinese girl Xie Enxi; the oldest record holder is also Chinese - 88-year-old Li Xinxian, and the longest used to restore Rubik's Cube The world record holder, American Graham Parker, spent 26 years from the first contact with the Rubik's Cube until the Rubik's Cube was solved.
Why is the Rubik's Cube so attractive? Perhaps, it is the words of the Rubik's inventor: life itself is a puzzle.
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