Canadian Forest Fire Protection Technology
Among the more than 9.9 million square kilometers in Canada, there are about 453,000 square kilometers of forest, making it the world's largest timber exporter. There are 17 large-scale logging and wood processing enterprises in the country, more than 300 large companies directly or indirectly relying on forestry for their livelihood, and a number of private and state-run forestry fire research institutions. The annual wages paid to forestry workers are as high as 80. Billion dollars. Canada is one of the countries with the most forest fires in the world. It is a forest fire season from April to September every year. At this time, the dry litter leaves and bark that fall to the ground form a thick flammable layer. According to forestry scientists, there are 5 cm thick flammable layers in the forest for 60 years. The older the forest, the thicker the flammable layer and the more prone to fire. In recent decades, more than 600 forest fires have occurred in Canada, and more than 3,000 square kilometers of forests have been burned. In these forest fires, 97% are small fires that are easy to extinguish, and 3% are diffuse into catastrophic fires. The Canadian Forestry Department is headed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. A deputy minister is responsible for forest fire prevention and forestry research. There are several fire brigades in the forestry department. There are five private and state forest fire prevention research institutions in the country. Each forestry research department communicates with forestry departments and forestry colleges through 10 computer networks, and regularly exchanges new technologies for forest protection and fire prevention. Among the above-mentioned forestry scientific research departments, the most important is the Edmonton Forest Fire Prevention Research Center. The key topics of its research are: A. Protecting the important impacts of forests and forest fires on the world's climate and ecological environment; The European Community, France and Finland all have similar institutions that have signed long-term cooperation and regular technical exchange agreements. Canadian forest fire prevention technology has developed quite rapidly: forest fire prevention technology began in 1920, and several air fire monitoring stations were built in the forest area in 1924. Forest fires were patrolled by aircraft in the 1960s, and forest fires have been used to monitor forest fires. The two satellites currently used by NOAA and AVHHR are used to monitor the climate of various forest areas around the country, and to see if there are clouds or smoke over the forest areas through simulation equipment. Once there is smoke in a certain forest area, the fire condition can be calculated from the concentration parameter of the smoke, and targeted fire extinguishing measures are taken immediately. Recently, it has been researched to emit electromagnetic radiation from satellites to detect forest temperature and prevent fires. When it is detected that the local temperature of a certain forest area rises to 150 °C ~ 200 °C, the infrared wavelength reaches 3.7 microns, it is a precursor to fire, the specific temperature is measured immediately, and measures are taken to reduce the temperature in time. In order to make the fire information in the forest area quick and accurate, the new type of computer is used to analyze the satellite information, and the information is transmitted to the fire department of the forest area in advance to let them know in advance the possible fires and threatened residents, and timely take measures for fire fighting and evacuation. The two satellites fly five times a day in the country, each time testing 1,000 square kilometers, and timely release short-term and medium-term weather forecasts to all parts of the country. And report weather trends to forest areas through the Internet and a variety of information media. Since satellite information still has 14% error, there are many advanced helicopters in Canada that monitor the forest fires in turn as an important supplement to satellite information. Helicopters and satellite ground stations and fire command centers maintain a hotline to report important information related to fires such as temperature, ground temperature, wind direction and wind power in the forest area. In order to make the fire information as accurate as possible, the information on forest fires provided by satellites and helicopters should be carefully analyzed by experts from private or state-owned forest fire prevention research institutions, and if necessary, scans should be carried out to obtain reliable and reliable information. The CL415-type monitoring forest fire helicopter currently used in Canada is highly modernized. The aircraft can supply 6.1 tons of water, can extinguish fire in the air, and can add water in low-altitude flights. It has been extended to use in the multi-country forestry sector. In Canada, because forestry fire and forestry personnel pay high ($15 an hour, $1 is about $0.7), forest protection has become a hot job, and many people apply for jobs every year, but because of the harsh conditions, There are college diplomas, men under the age of 30, and strict physical and mental conditions. Strict mental state testing is also difficult to pass, and few qualified candidates are among the job seekers. The hired person must first undergo basic firefighting and medical knowledge training for 6 months, and also undergo long-term high-tech firefighting knowledge training. In addition to common tools such as fire extinguishers, light water supply pumps and chainsaws, the Canadian Forest Fire and Forest Protection Team must also carry light tents made of various materials such as aluminum and fiberglass. The burning test confirmed that the tent can withstand 1500 ° C high temperature, can make people survive in the forest fire, and also has thermal insulation in the cold, people call it a shelter tent. In many large-scale forest fires in the past, fire and forest guards lost contact with fire rescue centers, and they were unable to call for help in times of danger, resulting in many casualties. In order to learn lessons and solve the urgent need for fire communication in the forest area, the Canadian Forest Fire Research Department has developed a rapid fire communication equipment in the forest area, that is, installing digital automatic encoding and decoding transmitters and receivers on the special helicopters in the forest area, and Keep in touch with satellite ground stations and fire command centers. When the helicopter discovers a forest fire, it sends information directly to the ground station and the fire control center via satellite. The fire department's display screen will also show the location of the fire field latitude and longitude, and measures can be taken immediately to extinguish the fire. After adopting the above-mentioned various high-tech fire prevention measures, forest fires in Canada have been significantly reduced. Forests are regulators of nature and the ecological environment. Protecting forests and reducing environmental pollution are important conditions for human survival. However, due to people's greed for money, in recent years, a large number of trees have been deforested and polluted, floods and forest fires have occurred frequently, and the environment has been polluted, causing major disasters for mankind. High-tech measures must be taken to protect forests and reduce environmental pollution.
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B. Protecting the significant social and economic value of forests;
C. Continuously improve and strengthen forest fire prevention technology.